| |
|
|
| |
Qwew e¦xZk Kaw
Qwewk BxZpwo iwdg ohøZwk GK †kØZòeÔYê Acøwt„ MZ 500
gQk cËk hwgdw eÞKwËmk GK eÞcwd iwcøi xpËoËg Qwew e¦xZ
hÔxiKw ÌkËL AwoËQ„ oËgêwexk kwRÐdxZK, eÞwxZÅwxdK,
AaêÐdxZK, owiwxRK I bmêdMZ, xmqwt Qwewk gøweK eÞhwg
exklxqZ pt„ cwkdw Kkw pt 4aê I 7i mZwx²k iwSwiwxS ÌKwËdw
GK oiËt PyËdk Zwv (618-906) kwRËZò G e¦xZk D¨g pt„ G oitB
Qwe-xPË¢ iÔlZ KweËrk Iek KwËVk göËKk gøgpwk eÞai exklxqZ
pt, jw ekgZêyËZ Ìg#¦ ciêxlxe I gÖ¦ xPË¢ gøweK gøgpÕZ pZ„
ejêwt¢ßËi KwËVk göËKk iwcøËi gr xP¢iwlw I eÖþæK Ggv
ZuekgZêyËZ 11 mZËKk ÂkØËZ gpdËjwMø Aqk Gk eÞPld ÌbLw jwt„
PyËdk ‘ov’ kwRËZòk (960-1279) oit exkeÔYê QwewËdw gB Gk
eÞKwm lqø Kkwk iZ„ cwkYw Kkw pt 868 ÌZ WwdÉtwv †pwt eÞw®
‘gÖ¦gwYy’ gBxUB eÙxagyk ogËPËt eÖkwZd QwewËdw gB„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
Qwew e¦xZ I eÞKwmdwk Kwle™y |
|
| |
xo 594
GB oit Pyd ÌbËm ÌdËMxUh xkxlf ÌaËK Qwew e¦xZk AwxgûKwk
pt„ G e¦xZËZ iÔlZ KwËVk göËKk Iek KwMR ÌkËL NnêËYk
iwcøËi Qwe xP¢ Z×Ël Awdw pZ„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
xo 1400
BDËkwËe oÖbÔk PydËbm ÌaËK göK e¦xZk AwMid NËU„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
xo 1450
‘ÌRwpwd †ËUdgwMê’ Ìkwiwd owiÛwËRøk oiËt gøgpÕZ
‘ItwBd ÌeÞËok’ AwËlwËK ‘Ç×’ ÌeÞËok AwxgûKwk KËkd„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
xo 1460
ÑZlxPË¢ gøgpÕZ ÌZl kv AwxgûKwËkk 15 gQk ek Qwewk Kwxl
AwxgûKwk pt„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1500 Go
QwewËdw pøw«xgËlk Awxghêwg„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1600 Go
†ËUdgwËMêk ‘Ç×’ ÌeÞËok xggZêd eÞx¢ßtw ÂkØ pt Ggv KwMR
Z×Ël ckwk Rdø xþeÞv Gk ovjÖx£ß Qwe jËìè ÑgeöxgK exkgZêd
AwËd„ exkgxZêZ GB Qwe jìè eÞxZ NåUwt 250 gwk Qwewk oqiZw
ARêd KËk„ G oitUwËZB gwRwËk ex¢Kw AwoËZ ÂkØ Kkl; 17
mZËKk ÌMwrwk xbËK ex¢Kw I xgšweËdk gøweK Ìilgd ÑZxk pt„
QwewËdw iwcøËik KwkËY eÖkwZd ÌNwnYw e¦xZ AËdKUwB óöwwd
pËt eËr„ eÞPwËkk eÞcwd gwRwk AËdKwvËmB QwewËdw e¦xZk
gwRwËk kÕewìæxkZ pt„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1799
‘GËlwBo xoíËfÀwk’ dwËi GKRd AxÄÛt Qwexmxùe ‘ewak Qwe’
gw xlËaw e¦xZk eÞgZêd KËkd„ 19 mZËKk xbËK xlËawMÞwxf,
ex¢Kw I iøwMwxRËdk Qxgk eÞxZxlxek Rdø Awbmê iwcøi gËl
xgËgxPZ pt„ kxOd I owbwKwËlw Dht ÌqË¢ xlËaw e¦xZ gøgpÕZ
pZ„ G mZËKk ÌMwrwk xbËK AdÖhÔZ pt Ìj, KwMËRk Iek ewaËkk
okwoxk QwËek ÌPËtI kgwËkk iwcøËi ewak ÌaËK Ìdtw Qwe Ìgxm
bÙxÄdëbd, eÞPld pt göwˉËUk„ GB e¦xZB ‘AfËoxUv’ dwËi
exkxPZ I xggZêËd AwRËKk AwcÖxdK AfËoU ÌeÞo„ |
|
| |
1803
KwMËR xbd gbËlk pwItw G oit ÌixmËd gwdwËdw KwMR
gwRwËk AwoËZ ÂkØ KËk„ xdËKwlwo lÖBo kgwUê dwËi GKRd
fkwoy fÝwËëok GowËdo xiËl, eÞai KwMR gwdwËdwk jìè
AwxgûKwk KËkd„ xKìç Gk þñË£òI BvløwË« PËl jwt Ggv GLwËdB G
ÌixmËdk Pwldw ÂkØ pt„ iÔlZ xlËld I Z×lw Ìixmd eÞþçZ
KwMËRk iÔl Dewbwd xpËoËg Ìo oit xgËgxPZ xQl, Gk ewmwewxm
‘GoewkËUw’ NwoI KwMR eÞþçËZk Dewbwd xpËoËg gøgpÕZ pt„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1804
ýUwdËpwËek 3t Awlê (1753-1816) KwËVk ‘Ç×’ ÌeÞËok
RwtMwt BþewZ KwVwËiwk xlhwk ÌeÞËok eÞPld KËkd„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1805
ÌýUxkI UwBxev Gk D¨g pËlw„ GxUk eöwýUwk gw ÌiUwl
göËKk iZ„ gwkgwk jwËZ QwewËdw jwt G DË¥møËK owiËd ÌkËL
‘ýUwdËpwe’ G e¦xZk eÞPld KËkd„ GËZ KËk gwËk gwËk ÌU…U
owRwËdwk SwËilw KËi Awol„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1814
‘ÌfÝWxkL ÌKwËtxdM’ Gk Ìkwlwk opËjwËM gwûeyt xeÞxëUv
Ìixmd eÞþçZ pt„ ‘xb UwBio’ ‘l«d’ ZwËbk eÞKwmdwt GB Ìixmd
gøgpwk ÂkØ KËk„ eÞKwmdwk ÌqË¢ eÞxZ NåUwt GxU 300 ÌaËK
1100 iZ Kxe QweËZ ewkZ„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1822
‘Aøwel MÞwa’ Gk ‘xb xdD ÌeÞo’ Ggv ‘K×ewk’, ‘xb UwBio’
Gk Rdø GK ÌixmËd GK NåUwt 5000 Kxe QwewËdw ÂkØ KËk„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1829
ÌýUxkI UwBxev eÞËoËok Ddítd NËU„ eöwýUwk I cwZ×R
DewbwËdk xgËlwe pt„ fkwoy eÞËK#mly ‘ÌRh…’ bÖB xoxl«wk
xgxmÄ dZ×d ÌeÞËok D¨wgd KËkd„ GxU KwMRËK oÖëbkhwËg
gøgpwk KkËZ ewkZ jwk fËl Qwewk exkiwY gÙx¦ ewt„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1840
AwËixkKwk ‘xkPwWê iwPê Ìpw’ GKxU NÔYêwtiwd xd^LÖZ
ÌeÞËok D¨wgd KËkd, jw GK NåUwt 20000 Kxek xdúPtZw Ìbt„ G
oitB KwËVk iË¡k §wkw eÞþçZ KwMR xmùe gøweK eÞowk lwh KËk
I owcwkËYk AwIZwt PËl AwËo, ex¢Kw I Adøwdø eÞKwmYw GËZ
bwkØY DeKÚZ pt„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1846
Ìpw’k pwËZ ÑZxk pl eÞai ejêwËtk ‘NÔYêwtiwd’ Qwe jìè„
xZxd xoxl«wËkk MwËt UwBe ÌoU Kkwk ea Ìgk KkËld„ GËZ xQl
GKxU þñtvx¢ßt Kwxlk Ìkwlwk I 4xU ÌkwlwËkk iwcøËi KwMR
ÌUËd Awdwk gøgþÿw„ GB Ìixmd 22000 ÌaËK 24000 Kxe QwewËZ
oqi xQl„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1853
‘Kõb ÌRd…’ Ggv ‘xdËKwlwo Ìoxkxk’ xoxl«wËkk Rdø KwMËR
ÌiwÀ ÑZxk KËkd„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1854
ÌRio MkWd ÌgËdU Zwk xdDBtKê ÌpkwËÀ UwBe Gk gbËl
‘ÌiUwl ÌeöU’ gøgpwk ÂkØ KkËld„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1859
fËVw xlËawMÞwxf„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1889
‘xpËewlwBU iwxkdxd’ eøwxko G…ËewxRmËd GKxU ÌkwUwxk
ÌeÞËok ofl eÞbmêd NUwd„ GËZ gøwK U× gøwK iÖbÛËYk gøgþÿw
xQl„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1890
G oit gwRwËk xgxhdí gÛøwË«k ÌkwUwxk ÌeÞo AwoËZ ÂkØ
KËk„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1900-1970
DuewbKkw ZwËbk DuewxbZ eËYø gøweK DuKnê owcd KËkd„
1900 mZËK xgbÖøu, iÖbÛY gøgþÿwk gøweK exkgZêd AwËd„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1920 Go
ÌýUxkI UwBe gwdwËdwk Rdø þñtvx¢ßt jËìèk AwxgûKwk pt„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1960
GB eÞai AfËoU ÌeÞËok D¨g pËlw„ ÌQwU ovgwbe¢†Ëlw GB
jËìè gøweK KwR Kkw ÂkØ Kkl„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
gMÞwxfK xWRwBd UwBilwBd : 1975-1995
dKmwk †kØZòeÔYê
MZ 20 gQk... |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1975 :
bÛØZMxZk xeÞxëUv Gk Rdø AwB,xg,Gi gwRwËk 3800 dwËi
ZwËbk eÞai ÌlRwk xeÞëUwk Gk dKmw KËk„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1976 :
AwB, xg, Gi KZêÙK ‘BvKËRU’ xeÞëUwËkk gwRwkRwZ„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1980 :
Ìlowk §wkw fËUwUwBe ÌoxUv Gk ÌNwnYw„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1981 :
AwB, xg, Gi Gk ewËoêwdwl KxóeDUwËkk AwZôeÞKwm„
løweUe
KxóeDUwËkk AwZôeÞKwm
iwDËok
Awxghêwg„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1982 :
RwewËd xflôpyd ÑgbÖøxZK xP¢ ovkqY qiZwoóedí KøwËikwk
AwxgûKwk |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1984 :
ÌWwËiBd ÌlËik D¨g
‘BDRËdU’ G ‘xdDRMÞØËek’ D¨g„
iwB¢ßËUK
KZêÙK ‘GiGo-300 G’ dwËi ÌW…Ue pwfËUwd Æøwdwk Gk AwxgûKwk„
xpDËlU
eøwKwWê Gk ‘ËlRwk ÌRU’ dwËi eÞai ÌlRwk xeÞëUwk Gk ÌNwnYw„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1985 :
xWxRUwl BËiR ÌeÞwËoxov Gk AwxgûKwk„
GøwËWwxg KZêÙK ÌewýUxÇxïUv Gk D¨g„
AøwlWwo
KZêÙK ‘ÌeRËiKwk; Gk D¨g„
550
ÌiMwgwBU cwkY qiZwoóedí xoxWk gwRwkRwZ„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1990 :
iwBË¢ßwofU KZêÙK
Windows
3.0
Gk gwRwkRwZ„
GøwËWwxg ‘iøwËKk’ Rdø eÞai fËUwmËek gwRwkRwZ I xg¢ßt„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1991 :
CERN
KZêÙK
WWW-World Wide Web
Gk D¨g„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1992 :
GøwËWwxg xooËUi KZêÙK GøwËWwxg Gøw¢ßËgËUk D¨g„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1993 :
‘GdGoGf’ KZêÙK ‘BëUwkxdK’ Gk D¨g Gk §wkw ÌWwËiBd Ìdi
Ggv xdgd ÂkØ„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1994 :
25 gQk ek AwËixkKw okKwËkk BëUwkËdU gøgþÿwedwËK
ÌgokKwkyKkY„
‘ÌKwWwK’
KZêÙK xWxo-40 dwËi 24 xgU kxOd xWxRUwl KøwËikwk AwxgûKwk,
jw xoxktwl Køwgl Gk §wkw
ovjÖ£ß Kkwk gøgþÿw o¹xlZ„ |
|
| |
|
|
| |
1995 :
ÌWwËiBd Ìdi ÌkxRËýUÛmd ‘xfÝ’ eÞawk xglÖx®„
gr gr
ovgwb ex¢Kw, BëUwkËdËU ZwËbk eÞKwmdw ÂkØ KËk„
ZaøoÔ¢ (BëUwkËdU) |
|